Essay on The Social Construction of Gender Roles - 848 Words

The Social Construction of Gender Roles Gender or sex roles are the expected patterns of behavior assumed to follow from a persons sex. Gender roles are not natural. They are formed by and vary within society, culture, geographic location, politics and time. There is a strong relationship between the social construction of gender and compulsory heterosexuality. People are programmed into certain gender roles and social categories through socialization and interaction with others. Expectations about appropriate gender role characteristics and sexual behavior have evolved throughout history, especially for women. In the 1700’s and 1800’s, the men’s role included earning an†¦show more content†¦They were paid considerably less than men and had the dual role of housewife. In 1920, women won the right to vote and they were gradually moving into the male-dominated labor force, but gender roles were not changing much. Due to the World War II draft, many women entered the labor force and even helped run the country. Upon the return of the veterans, many women were forced back into their homes. However, the opportunities for women were broadening and some women began making careers for themselves outside of the home. The 1960’s saw many feminist movements and in 1963 the Equal Pay Act was passed by Congress which enticed more women to get out of the house and into better careers. Men had difficulties accepting and adjusting to changes in women’s roles. They had to adjust to having women around them at their job sites and some felt that women were filling positions that an unemployed man should have been given. Men also felt that the traditional male role as provider was being threatened, so some men did not allow their wives to enter the labor force. Most men, however, have gradually accepted women in the career world. Today, men are even taking on roles that were once deemed ‘female’ like nursing, homemaking and teaching. There are many social agents that cause the construction of gender roles. Parents and family are important socialization agents in the gender role development of children. They have different values and attitudes regarding maleShow MoreRelatedSocial Construction Of Gender And Gender Roles903 Words   |  4 Pages While observing interactions between people of both different and the same genders in the park at Orange Circle, it becomes evident how the social construction of gender and standard gender roles may or may not follow archetypal manner and can be applied differently depending on the individuals. Some of the observations recorded during this period have provided evidence that gender roles and gender stereotypes may be followed or applied in an archetypal way. However, what is most interesting isRead MoreGender Roles And Social Construction1252 Words   |  6 PagesGender roles have influenced our society our whole lives, without us realizing it. They determine the way in which we, as members of society, behave among others and what is deemed socially acceptable and what is not, all based on our gender. From the moment children take their first breaths, they are exposed to the gender roles society has set. This is all part of a social construction to categorize the two genders into believing that they should act in a particular matter, using toys as an advertisingRead MoreSocial Construction Theory And Gender Roles1179 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Social construction theory, in contrast, argues that gender roles, behaviours, and differences are not the natural consequence of minor biological differences, but are instead the result of historical, economic, and cultural forces which have pushed women into social and economic roles and men into others. It sees biology as providing the raw materials, and sees social institutions, culture, history and individual agency as what shape those raw materials into human beings who also happen to be genderedRead MoreEssay about Gender Role In Social Construction1180 Words   |  5 PagesGender Role In Social Construction Works Cited Missing   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Everyone’s life is affected by social construction. This is the belief that knowledge is determined by society, and in turn (knowledge) is formed by the individuals that belong to the society. When an individual thinks of a doctor, lawyer, priest, engineer, or manager they usually picture males. While nurses, teachers, and housewives (emphasis on wives) are purely female professions in our society. This is social constructionist thoughtRead MoreSocial Construction Theory : The Product Of Society And History851 Words   |  4 PagesFall Term Essay 1 Social construction theory explains human behaviour and identities as the product of society and history (Vance 29). This theory is the opposite of biological determinism and essentialism which suggest that genetic, physiological, and biological traits determine human behaviour (Vance 29). As mentioned in lecture (Klement), identities are unique to every person; they are the values, norms, values, and images in society that are combined, constructed, or created. Societal pressuresRead MoreHow Is Gender Constructed And How Useful Is The Term Performance For Understanding This Process? Essay1443 Words   |  6 PagesHow is gender constructed and how useful is the term ‘performance’ for understanding this process? Illustrate your answer drawing on ethnographic examples from at least two societies. 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In discussing whether the distinction between sex and gender can be defined I am going to use the early distinction between the two and how this has been socially constructed to identify if there is a distinction. Additionally, I am going to use a variety of feminist influences since the 1960’s, to draw upon the main issues when defining sex and gender. I will investigate the implications of defining sex and gender by looking at sexism. I hope thisRead MoreIs The Nuclear Family Means?1617 Words   |  7 Pagesof uncles, aunts, grandparents, and even pets, just to be brief. This is where the term can become problematic. Since there can be many interpretations of what the real nuclear family means, and what it consists of, the state ultimately plays a big role into determining whether or not citizens, can be a family. Simply put, the state decides if a family can in turn, become nuclear. Using a variety of evidence, this essay will first define what a nuclear family is, and ho w it is socially constructedRead MoreGender Identity As An Axis Of Social Order1611 Words   |  7 PagesGender is considered an axis of social order. Its categorisation into masculinity and femininity is social constructed and maintained in everyday life (Clark and Page, 2005; Mackie, 1994). Gender identity is our innermost understanding of our self as ‘male’ or ‘female’. Most people develop a gender identity that matched their biological sex (their body). Gender identity can be affected by, and is different from one society to another, depending on the way the members of society evaluate the role

Low Carbon Cooling in Tropical and Semi-Tropical Climates

Question: Describe The Low Carbon Cooling in Tropical and Semi-Tropical Climates? Answer: Introduction The global warning is an alarming issue in present days. The increment in the global temperature created an excessive temperature increment in the tropical and the semi-tropical regions. This increment in the temperature has increased the use of the conventional cooling system in these regions. This has increased the carbon emission from the conventional cooling systems that is creating an adverse effect on the global environment (LuÃÅ'ˆbken, 2013). Most of the global countries are trying to reduce the carbon emission from the conventional cooling system through implementing a passive cooling system in the buildings. Recently QGBC- Qatar Green Blinding Council and the SIJ- Solar Institute Julich have shaken the hands to create an environment friendly sustainable housing project (Qf.org.qa, 2014). The Qatar government cleared their intention to implement the environment friendly passive cooling through taking decision in implementing the passive cooling through solar cooling systems in all the stadiums for the world cup (Marsh, 2014). Therefore, throughout this report the analysis of the available passive cooling methods will be discussed in accordance with the cost and the effectiveness of the methods for the home and industrial purpose. 1.0 Current Issues Figure 1: The High Temperature Zone (Source: Sciencedirect.com, 2014) The tropical and the semi-tropical region geographically positioned within the cancer 2327N to the Capricorn 2327S (Sciencedirect.com, 2014). The regional temperature in this area is much higher than the other areas across the globe. According to the study by Chaussinand (2014) the average temperature difference ranges within 10 C 15 C. Therefore, the use of the conventional cooling system is very much wide in this section. The emerging economic condition has increased the construction of the individual and the industrial building in these areas especially in India, Singapore, Malaysia and Qatar Li et al. (2013). This economic growth has increased the use of the cooling system within this region. This increment in the conventional cooling system increased the demand of the power generation. The cumulative effect of these two has increased the higher carbon emission in the environment. This higher carbon emission has worked as a catalyst for the warming of the temperature in these areas (Fang, 2014). In Qatar according to the study by Suljic (2014) the power consumption has increased by approximately 9.30%. However, according to the majority portion of this higher incremental demand has come from the higher installation of the conventional cooling system. According to the study by Biswas (2014) clearly demonstrated that the structure and the materials used for the development of a building majorly increases the inside temperature. This study has also showed that the faulty design and the selection of the wrong material contributed in the 70% growth of the internal temperature. Therefore, the main issue is that to deliver such a design that will help the houses to decrease the inside temperature and this decrement in the temperature will slow down the use of the conventional cooling systems in the houses. 2.0 Passive Cooling Figure 2: Passive Cooling Methods for Energy Efficient Buildings (Source: Sciencedirect.com, 2014) The concept of the passive cooling says that, it is a preventive measure that will help in the overheating of the interior sections inside the building. According to Liu et al. (2013) the passive cooling strategy involves a three step cover up in the structural aspect of the building. These three aspects are: 1. A mechanism should be developed so that the inside temperature does not increase. In doing this, the measures that can be taken are solar shading of the roof, use of the reflective elements in the construction of the building and use of color that helps in reducing the generation of the heat. 2. The structure should be constructed that it remains able to keep the balance within the heat generation and heat emission for the building. In doing this, the structure should provide ample space for the airflow and incoming of the sunlight during the daytime. 3. The implementation of the air infiltration mechanism to reduce the interior heat generation. To achieve this energy efficient material should be used and should use such interior color that reduces the heat generation (Ni and Zhao,2013). 3.0 Different available designs According to S.K. Ng et al. (2013) the most acclaimed and the most practical designs that are available recently are the: 1. ZCB- Zero carbon building 2. ZEB- Zero energy building However, in recent days a hybrid system has been developed that uses the renewable energy to run the cooling systems installed in the building. However, according to Gholami et al. (2014) the development of the captive house has larger potential to implement the passive cooling but the implementation cost is very high. In UK and USA the implementation of the ZCB and ZEB, based building has evolved very smoothly. However, in Qatar and in the Asian countries the initiative is very low. According to the MoU between the Qatar Green Blinding Council and the Solar Institute Julich will help to implement the lower carbon emission buildings in Qatar (Qf.org.qa, 2014). 4.0 Zero Carbon Building (ZCB) Design Approach Figure 3: The ZCB Design (Sample Only) (Source: Ng et al. 2015) According to Chvez and Melchor (2014) ZCB is the most suitable strategy for the construction of the Zero carbon building. However, according to him the designing of this kind of building is very much complex. The main theme of this construction is to construct such a kind of house that is capable of response to the climate. According to Halirova et al. (2014) the cooling season difference in Qatar and London is very much high and due to it the fundamental designing of this king of building is to block the direct heat coming from the sun and letting the air flow freely within the building. Moreover, it develops a natural ventilation system that keeps the balance between the optimum temperature and the inside heating. The natural ventilation has the ability to reduce the overheating more efficiently than the mechanical ventilation system. Qi et al. (2013) the development of the large open area helps in reducing the temperature very efficiently along with the proper airflow provisions. The south facing design development allows the flow of the air more freely than the other structures. The following figures will demonstrate some of the most widely used airflow maintenance system within the buildings. Figure 4: Open Plan layouts (Source: Yourhome.gov.au, 2014) The open plan layout allows the free flowing of the incoming air through the open space. This free flow of the air helps in reducing the interior heat of the building (Ogunbiyi et al. 2014). If the design is constructed through keeping the side of the building in the southend, the air will be flowed through the windows and will reduce the interior temperature. Figure 5: Convection air Movement (Source: Yourhome.gov.au, 2014) According to Velasco et al. (2014) the convective air movement allows the warm air to gets ventilated through the upper panel where as it allows the cool air to come in through the lower panels. The cool air comes inside the building through the open spaces and it circulates to the upper floor and is ventilated through the upper floor, as it gets warm. The south facing buildings with evaporating cooling options get the most of the benefit from this type of design (Henry and Kato, 2014). Figure 6: Earth coupling cooling mechanism (Source: Yourhome.gov.au, 2014) According to Shari and Soebarto (2014) the earth coupling is the most sustainable solution for the passive cooling of the buildings. Through this mechanism the house, remain able to keep the ground temperature low that helps in cooling of the interior section during the nighttime. However, according to if the shading is done through unstructured way it can exceed the level of comfort in the interior section. The study by Waris et al. (2014) has shown that the ground temperature varies therefore the earth coupling will be very much effective for the country. 4.0.1 ZCB Life cycle Figure 7: Concept of Life Cycle for ZCB (Source: Ng et al. 2015) According to Tsukiyama et al. (2014) the ZCB does not have any standardized framework for the construction or setting benchmark. Therefore, it becomes tough to calculate the life cycle of the ZCB. However, considering the lower use of the conventional cooling system and the other electrical equipments in the daytime the building could have a life cycle of 50 years (Ng et al. 2015). To attain the zero carbon building the owner of the building and the constructor of the building needs to put focus on the development of the renewable energy sources within the premise of the building. On this context, the roof of the building could be used as the source of unconventional power. The installation of the solar panel will help to develop a self-sustainable power resource for the building (Waris et al. 2014). Therefore, through this development the demand for the power extraction from the national grid will be decreased for that building. This will also help to reduce the carbon emission from that building. 4.0.2 Carbon neutrality According to Zhai et al. (2014) the carbon neutrality is the summation of couple of factors. Therefore, the carbon neutrality is: Carbon Neutral= Emission associated with electricity supplied to the building+ Emission reduced through adopting the renewable energy + Emission related with the biodiesel. Therefore, to achieve the zero carbon building the source of the renewable energy should be developed within the premise of the building. In the case of the industrial buildings, it is possible to develop a captive renewable power plant but it becomes very tough for the residential areas. In the residential areas, the implementation of the solar panel will be the best fit (Hu et al. 2014). The bio diesel could be used for the burning propose inside the building. The use of the bio diesel will help to reduce the carbon emission happened due to the burning of the natural gases and other resources. Figure 8: PV and CCHP operation system (Source: Ong, 2014, pp.106) On the other hand, use of the sun reflective glasses and the large windows with proper outside painting and the inside ventilation will reduce the inside temperature. This structure will help to reduce the use of the conventional cooling system. Moreover, the use of the bio-diesel and the renewable energy will generate surpluses in the national grid and that could be used in somewhere else. The captive electricity that will be generated through the solar panels will be used for the electrification of the ground areas and the CCHP will help to reduce the heat generated by the cooling instruments. The surplus energy will be redirected to the CCHP section (Wongvisanupong and Hoonchareon, 2013). 5.0 Zero Energy Building Design At the early design stage, the energy simulation of the whole building can be conducted and it can help in predicting the energy consumption by the ZCB. Then the renewable energy system and building energy system were rebuilt by using the results for the neutralization. The effectiveness of the different design strategy can be evaluated at the design phase and in that phase the energy demand and the loads can be strategically reduced as well. Thus it can help in using the standard cost-benefit analysis for making the decisions regarding the design in architecture and engineering of the design. Here the simulation tool can be used for building the energy simulation. The main inputs that are required are ZCB building designs (building systems and architectural elements) and hourly weather databases. Here the Typical Meteorological Year can be used as well for the determination of the weather years. 5.0.1 Base Design It is evident that the base design of the building is very important in order to make it more energy efficient. In order to make the buildings energy-efficient, it is very important to take into consideration the Building energy Codes (BEC) for the new buildings. The code can implement the designs of best practices for all the building developments in the region. The Overall Thermal transmittance value is regulated by the BEC regulations and it can also provide the guidelines for the use of escalators, lightings, electricity usage, air-conditioning etc. thus the design targets and the baselines are formed for the practitioners by using the regulations. This can also help in achieving the main aims and objectives of the use of ultra-low energy and the baseline performance can be surpassed by such designs of the low energy and ZCB design. In the following diagram the distribution of energy that is predicted for the baseline model is shown. The energy use intensity (EUI) is between 25-350 kWh/m2 for a typical existing building and the BEC is around 157 kWh/m2 for a typical building. Thus it can be said that the energy can be effectively reduced in a building by adopting the BEC requirements. Figure 9: The base design for ZEB (Source: Ng et al. 2015) 5.0.2 Energy performance In the following table, the key parameters of ZCB and the design values has been summarized. As one of the design cases, the energy model was used here. The predicted ZCB and EUI is 45% lower than the compliant baseline building as it is 86 kWh/m2. As a result of intensive application and mixed uses the CIC ZCB is more energy intensive. Thus it can be said that the energy performance of the building structures in the country can be significantly improved by using the specific design. Figure 10: The Energy Analysis (Source: Ng et al. 2015) 5.0.3 Effectiveness Analysis Now the effectiveness of the design can be discussed as well. It is known that the energy simulation can predict the effectiveness of the strategies of energy savings in the active and passive system settings. In the following figure the relative effectiveness can be summarized. The performance and effectiveness of the design can be evaluated through various measures. These are discussed here. Figure 11: Energy Efficiency Level (Source: Ng et al. 2015) Performance of Facade Thermal: It is very important to minimize the envelope loads for lowering the build-up heat. It is calculated that the approximately 163 W/m2 is the value of the peak load cooling but mostly the cooling load is approximately 80 w/m2. Reduction of the Window-to-wall Ratio: It is evident that the solar heat can be gained nearly ten times more through the windows compared to the opaque facades. There can be a dramatic impact of the solar heat gain due to the minimization of the extent of glazing. It is very important to consider the angle of the sun in various times of the day and how it can maximize or minimize the requirement of heat and light at home during those times. It can help in optimizing the benefits and can help in deciding on the position of the windows. Facade Insulation and Envelope Absorptivity: It is important to minimize the heat flow with the help of opaque walls. There are mainly two steps that can help in reducing such effects. First, the flow of heat through the walls can be stopped by adding insulation in the walls. Secondly, the surface temperature can be reduced as wall by reducing the absorption of the faade which can help in reflecting the heat away. Here the absorptivity can reduced below 0.3 by using the glazed finishes and the white walls. Day lighting: The solar penetration of the building can be minimized by maximizing the daylight, if the building is tilted to the North. It can be integrated into the design of the building and it can provide the desirable results. Figure 12:Optimum use of Daylight (Source: Ng et al. 2015) Enveloping Air-Tightness: In a hot and humid climate it is very important that air-tightness is implemented as a disproportional impact can be can be seen for the high humidity. The risk of condensation can be reduced as well with the air tightness. Optimizing Natural Ventilation and Microclimate: The energy load can be reduced by enhanced natural ventilation. In the following diagram, the modeling technique is shown with the help of computational fluid dynamics. It can help in optimizing the natural air flow availability Radiant Cooling: The radiation heat transfer helps in radiant cooling system. The circulated chilled water help in reducing the heat from the circulation and this system is more energy-efficient. Thus the radiant cooling system can help in reducing the use of energy on the design. 5.0.4 Renewable Energy generation The renewable energy needs to be generated on-sight. The landscape and the building energy consumption can be significantly reduced after the application of active and passive design measures for the efficiency of energy. The energy demand needs to be met through the means of renewable energy in order to achieve net zero carbon. A bio-diesel design system can be installed as well in order meet with the requirements of renewable energy. A CCHP energy system can be used as well for the reduction of the electrical energy used for the cooling process. 6.0 Combination System Figure 13: Main components of the CCHP bio diesel generator and the absorption chiller (Source: Qingyuan and Yu, 2014, pp.1728) The main theme is this system is to use the CCHP system and bio fuel as the fuel for the operation. According to Qingyuan and Yu (2014) the use of the bio fuel will help to reduce the carbon emission into the environment. However, the most of the complex situation is the designing of the absorption chiller and the generator. According to Leydecker (2013) while designing the CCHP system, four key considerations are required. The considerations are: 1. Optimization of the operational cost 2. Plant size is short 3. System designed to fulfill the instantaneous cooling demands 4. PV panel position inside the house In the combination system, the water from the chiller helps to absorb the excess heat generated from the cooling system. However, currently the highest capacity of the combination system is the 100 kWe (Cameron and West, 2013). Conclusion The global warming has increased the temperature of the tropical and the semi-tropical regions. This increment in the temperature has increased the demand for the conventional cooling systems. However, due to the excessive use of these conventional cooling system the Carbon emission has increased that affected the environment adversely. Therefore, to maintain the balance between the comfort and the environmental safety the implementation of the ZCB and the ZEB will be much effective for the residential buildings. On the other hand, for the industrial buildings the implementation of the combination system will help to reduce the carbon emission from the cooling system. However, the implementation of the solar panel and the use of the bio diesel will help to reduce the carbon emission largely. On the other hand, while developing the projects through the ZCB and ZEB approaches the cost estimation affordability needs to be taken care of. Otherwise, the project popularity could lows down. On the promotion issue, the government needs to take the initiative through developing separate plans for the companies and customers. Bibliography Books Cameron, C. and West, J. (2013). The Impact of Future CO2 Emission Reduction Targets on U.S. Electric Sector Water Use. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Leydecker, S. (2013). Designing Interior Architecture. Basel: De Gruyter. Li, A., Zhu, Y. and Li, Y. (2013). Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning. Dordrecht: Springer. Liu, X., Jiang, Y. and Zhang, T. (2013). Temperature and humidity independent control (THIC) of air-conditioning system. LuÃÅ'ˆbken, F. (2013). Climate and weather of the sun-earth system (CAWSES). Dordrecht: Springer. Ni, M. and Zhao, T. (2013). Solid oxide fuel cells. Cambridge: Royal soc of chemistry. Qi, E., Shen, J. and Dou, R. (2013). The 19th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management. Berlin: Springer. Voutchkov, N. (2013). Desalination engineering. New York: McGraw-Hill. Watts, A. (2013). Modern Construction Handbook. Berlin: Ambra. Journals Biswas, W. (2014). Carbon footprint and embodied energy consumption assessment of building construction works in Western Australia. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 3(2), pp.179-186. Chaussinand, A. (2014). Straw Bale: An Innovative Sustainable Material in Construction. KEM, 632, pp.69-77. Chvez, J. and Melchor, F. (2014). Application of Combined Passive Cooling and Passive Heating Techniques to Achieve Thermal Comfort in a Hot Dry Climate. Energy Procedia, 57, pp.1669-1676. Fang, Y. (2014). Analysis of the Sustainable Construction Concept of the Vernacular Materials. AMR, 893, pp.694-697. Gholami, A., Ahmadi, M. and Bahrami, M. (2014). A New Analytical Approach for Dynamic Modeling of Passive Multicomponent Cooling Systems. J. Electron. Packag., 136(3), p.031010. Halirova, M., Tymova, P. and PeÃ…â„ ¢inkov, M. (2014). Sustainable Construction in the Conservation Area. AEF, 12, pp.132-136. Henry, M. and Kato, Y. (2014). Sustainable concrete in Asia: Approaches and barriers considering regional context. Construction and Building Materials, 67, pp.399-404. Hu, J., Du, L., Wang, J. and Sun, Q. (2014). Cooling process and mechanical properties design of hot-rolled low carbon high strength microalloyed steel for automotive wheel usage. Materials Design, 53, pp.332-337. Muoz Velasco, P., Morales Ortz, M., Mendvil Gir, M. and Muoz Velasco, L. (2014). Fired clay bricks manufactured by adding wastes as sustainable construction material A review. Construction and Building Materials, 63, pp.97-107. Ogunbiyi, O., Oladapo, A. and Goulding, J. (2014). An empirical study of the impact of lean construction techniques on sustainable construction in the UK. Construction Innovation: Information, Process, Management, 14(1), pp.88-107. Ong, K. (2014). Review of heat pipe heat exchangers for enhanced dehumidification and cooling in air conditioning systems. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies. Qingyuan, Z. and Yu, L. (2014). Potentials of Passive Cooling for Passive Design of Residential Buildings in China. Energy Procedia, 57, pp.1726-1732. Shari, Z. and Soebarto, V. (2014). Investigating sustainable practices in the Malaysian office building developments. Construction Innovation: Information, Process, Management, 14(1), pp.17-37. Tsukiyama, K., Nakada, N., Tsuchiyama, T., Takaki, S. and Tomota, Y. (2014). Effect of Cooling Rate after High Temperature Nitriding on Transformation Microstructure in Low Carbon Steel. AMR, 922, pp.773-778. Waris, M., Shahir Liew, M., Khamidi, M. and Idrus, A. (2014). Criteria for the selection of sustainable onsite construction equipment. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 3(1), pp.96-110. Waris, M., Shahir Liew, M., Khamidi, M. and Idrus, A. (2014). Criteria for the selection of sustainable onsite construction equipment. International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, 3(1), pp.96-110. Zhai, X., Reed, R. and Mills, A. (2014). Embracing off-site innovation in construction in China to enhance a sustainable built environment in urban housing. International Journal of Construction Management, 14(3), pp.123-133. Websites Marsh, S. (2014). Qatar races to develop solar-powered cooling for World Cup. [online] Uk.reuters.com. Available at: https://uk.reuters.com/article/2013/04/18/uk-soccer-world-qatar-idUKBRE93H0PC20130418 [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. Ng, T., Yau, R., Lam, T. and Cheng, V. (2015). [online] Ijlct.oxfordjournals.org. Available at: https://ijlct.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/10/05/ijlct.ctt067/F1.expansion.html [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. Qf.org.qa, (2014). Qatar Foundation | News. [online] Available at: https://www.qf.org.qa/news/qgbc-and-solar-institut-julich [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. S.K. Ng, T., M.H. Yau, R., N.T. Lam, T. and S.Y. Cheng, V. (2013). Design and commission a zero-carbon building for hot and humid climate. [online] Oxford Journals. Available at: https://ijlct.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/10/05/ijlct.ctt067.full [Accessed 7 Jan. 2015]. Sciencedirect.com, (2014). 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Situational Writing Recount free essay sample

Whenever the kitten moved, the tin can made rattling noise. The kitten looked frightened as it started going around in circles to try to get rid of the can. The two boys were also poking the kitten with little sticks while the girl was laughing. After witnessing the entire incident, I ran to the nearest staff room. Saw Mrs. Lee and immediately told her what had happened. I brought her to the staircase where I had last seen the three pupils. She rescued the kitten and reprimanded the bullies severely.She thanked me for informing her immediately. I hope that you address this issue as animal cruelty and bullying should not be allowed to take place in our school. I feel that they were very cruel to the kitten and even laughed when it was being hurt. Really feel that animals are to be loved, not to be hurt. Thank you for taking the time to read this letter. We will write a custom essay sample on Situational Writing Recount or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you need further clarifications, please let me know. Sincerely, Michelle (Grade 6) Teachers comments: Michelle used the correct tone to inform the principal of the incident.It was professional and informative. Her use of past perfect speech (e. G. Had last seen, what had happened) was also appropriate and showed that he understood the timeline of the events that took place. She was also able to express his feelings well (e. G. I really feel that animals are to be loved, not to be hurt) which brought a personal element to the letter. Furthermore, she was able to understand the context of the writing.

Laetoli - 3.5 Million Year Old Hominin Footprints

Laetoli - 3.5 Million Year Old Hominin Footprints Laetoli is the name of an archaeological site in northern Tanzania, where the footprints of three homininsancient human ancestors and most likely Australopithecus afarensiswere preserved in the ash fall of a volcanic eruption some 3.63-3.85 million years ago. They represent the oldest hominin footprints yet discovered on the planet.   The Laetoli footprints were discovered in 1976, eroding out of a gully of the Nagarusi river, by team members from Mary Leakeys expedition to the main Laetoli site. Local Environment Laetoli lies in the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa, near the Serengeti Plain and not far from Olduvai Gorge. Three and a half million years ago, the region was a mosaic of different ecotones: montane forests, dry and moist woodlands, wooded and unwooded grasslands, all within about 50 km (31 miles) of the footprints. Most Australopithecine sites are located within such regionsplaces with a wide variety of plants and animals nearby. The ash was wet when the hominins walked through it, and their soft print impressions have given scholars in-depth information about the soft tissue and gait of Australopithecines not available from skeletal material. The hominin prints are not the only footprints preserved in the wet ashfall: animals walking through the wet ash included elephants, giraffes, rhinoceroses and a wide variety of extinct mammals. In all there are 16 sites with footprints in Laetoli, the largest of which has 18,000 footprints, representing 17 different families of animals within an area of about 800 square meters (8100 square feet). Laetoli Footprint Descriptions The Laetoli hominin footprints are arranged in two 27.5 meter (89 foot) long trails, created in moist volcanic ash which later hardened because of desiccation and chemical change. Three hominin individuals are represented, called G1, G2, and G3. Apparently, G1 and G2 walked side by side, and G3 followed along behind, stepping on some but not all of the 31 footprints of G2. Based on known ratios of the length of a bipedal foot versus hip height, G1, represented by 38 footprints, was the shortest individual of the three, estimated at 1.26 meters (4.1 feet) or less in height. Individuals G2 and G3 were largerG3 was estimated at 1.4 m (4.6 ft) tall. G2s steps were too obscured by G3s to estimate his/her height. Of the two tracks, G1s footprints are the best preserved; the track with footprints of both G2/G3 proved difficult to read, since they overlapped. A recent study (Bennett 2016) has allowed scholars to identify G3s steps apart from G2 more clearly, and reassess the hominin heightsG1 at 1.3 m (4.2 ft), G3 at 1.53 m (5 ft). Who Made Them? At least two sets of the footprints have been definitely linked to A. afarensis, because, like the fossils of afarensis, the Laetoli footprints do not indicate an opposable great toe. Further, the only hominin associated with Laetoli area at the time is A. afarensis. Some scholars have ventured to argue that the footprints are from an adult male and female (G2 and G3) and a child (G1); others say they were two males and a female. Three dimensional imaging of the tracks reported in 2016 (Bennett et al.) suggests that G1s foot had a different shape and depth of heel, a different hallux abduction and a different definition of the toes. They suggest three possible reasons; G1 is a different hominin from the other two; G1 walked at a different time from G2 and G3 when the ash was sufficiently different in texture, producing differently shaped impressions; or, the differences are a result of foot size / sexual dimorphism. In other words, G1 may have been, as others have argued, a child or a small woman of the same species. While there is some ongoing debate, most researchers believe that the Laetoli footprints show that our Australopithecine ancestors were fully bipedal, and walked in a modern manner, heel first, then toe. Although a recent study (Raichlen et al. 2008) suggests that the speed at which the footprints were made might affect the kind of gait required to make the marks; a later experimental study also led by Raichlen (2010) provides additional support for bipedalism at Laetoli. The Sadiman Volcano and Laetoli The volcanic tuff in which the footprints were made (called the Footprint Tuff or Tuff 7 at Laetoli) is a 12-15 centimeter (4.7-6 inches) thick layer of ash which fell on this region from the eruption of a nearby volcano. The hominins and a wide variety of other animals survived the eruptiontheir footprints in the muddy ash prove thatbut which volcano erupted has not been determined. Until relatively recently, the source of the volcanic tuff was thought to be the Sadiman volcano. Sadiman, located about 20 km (14.4 mi) southeast of Laetoli, is now dormant, but was active between 4.8 and 3.3 million years ago. A recent examination of outflows from Sadiman (Zaitsev et al 2011) showed that the geology of Sadiman does not fit perfectly with the tuff at Laetoli. In 2015, Zaitsev and colleagues confirmed that it was not Sadiman and suggested that the presence of nephelinite in Tuff 7 points to the nearby Mosonic volcano, but admit that there is not conclusive proof as of yet. Preservation Issues At the time of excavation, the footprints were buried between a few cm to 27 cm (11 in) deep. After excavation, they were reburied to preserve them, but the seeds of an acacia tree was buried within the soil and several acacias grew in the region to heights of over two meters before researchers noticed. Investigation showed that although those acacia roots did disturb some of the footprints, burying the footprints was overall a good strategy and did protect much of the trackway. A new conservation technique was begun in 1994 consisting of application of a herbicide to kill all the trees and brush, the placement of biobarrier mesh to inhibit root growth and then a layer of lava boulders. A monitoring trench was installed to keep an eye on the subsurface integrity. See Agnew and colleagues for additional information on the preservation activities. Sources This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Lower Paleolithic, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Agnew N, and Demas M. 1998. Preserving the Laetoli foodprints. Scientific American 279(44-55). Barboni D. 2014. Vegetation of Northern Tanzania during the Plio-Pleistocene: A synthesis of the paleobotanical evidences from Laetoli, Olduvai, and Peninj hominin sites. Quaternary International 322–323:264-276. Bennett MR, Harris JWK, Richmond BG, Braun DR, Mbua E, Kiura P, Olago D, Kibunjia M, Omuombo C, Behrensmeyer AK et al. 2009. Early Hominin Foot Morphology Based on 1.5-Million-Year-Old Footprints from Ileret, Kenya. Science 323:1197-1201. Bennett MR, Reynolds SC, Morse SA, and Budka M. 2016. Laetoli’s lost tracks: 3D generated mean shape and missing footprints. Scientific Reports 6:21916. Crompton RH, Pataky TC, Savage R, DAoà »t K, Bennett MR, Day MH, Bates K, Morse S, and Sellers WI. 2012. Human-like external function of the foot, and fully upright gait, confirmed in the 3.66 million year old Laetoli hominin footprints by topographic statistics, experimental footprint-formation and computer simulation. Journal of The Royal Society Interface 9(69):707-719. Feibel CS, Agnew N, Latimer B, Demas M, Marshall F, Waane SAC, and Schmid P. 1995. The Laetoli Hominid footprintsA preliminary report on the conservation and scientific restudy. Evolutionary Anthropology 4(5):149-154. Johanson DC, and White TD. 1979. A systematic assessment of early African hominids. Science 203(4378):321-330. Kimbel WH, Lockwood CA, Ward CV, Leakey MG, Rak Y, and Johanson DC. 2006. Was Australopithecus anamensis ancestral to A. afarensis? A case of anagenesis in the hominin fossil record. Journal of Human Evolution 51:134-152. Leakey MD, and Hay RL. 1979. Pliocene footprints in the Laetolil Beds at Laetoli, northern Tanzania. Nature 278(5702):317-323. Raichlen DA, Gordon AD, Harcourt-Smith WEH, Foster AD, and Haas WR, Jr. 2010. Laetoli Footprints Preserve Earliest Direct Evidence of Human-Like Bipedal Biomechanics. PLoS ONE 5(3):e9769. Raichlen DA, Pontzer H, and Sockol MD. 2008. The Laetoli footprints and early hominin locomotor kinematics. Journal of Human Evolution 54(1):112-117. Su DF, and Harrison T. 2015. The paleoecology of the Upper Laetolil Beds, Laetoli Tanzania: A review and synthesis. Journal of African Earth Sciences 101:405-419. Tuttle RH, Webb DM, and Baksh M. 1991. Laetoli toes and Australopithecus afarensis. Human Evolution 6(3):193-200. Zaitsev AN, Spratt J, Sharygin VV, Wenzel T, Zaitseva OA, and Markl G. 2015. Mineralogy of the Laetolil Footprint Tuff: A comparison with possible volcanic sources from the Crater Highlands and Gregory Rift. Journal of African Earth Sciences 111:214-221. Zaitsev AN, Wenzel T, Spratt J, Williams TC, Strekopytov S, Sharygin VV, Petrov SV, Golovina TA, Zaitseva EO, and Markl G. 2011. Was Sadiman volcano a source for the Laetoli Footprint Tuff? Journal of Human Evolution 61(1):121-124.

Post the Mission Statement of the organization that you work for and Essay

Post the Mission Statement of the organization that you work for and give us some indication as to how that impacts the functional tactics of your organization. Discuss in 250 words - Essay Example 2009). Wal-Mart serves as a retail store that focuses on giving everyone a chance to access essential goods that they demand. Through its low prices, it focuses on providing a chance to the poor to access the same products and goods as the rich. Wal-Mart focuses on low product differentiation and conducts minimum advertisements. At the core of its operations, it targets average customers. It aims at giving the most value for its customers but keeps its prices to the minimum that ensures the average can afford the products. The management adopts the business-level strategies that involve locating stores at remote locations outside major cities. By locating the stores in small cities, Wal-Mart aims at serving average consumers (Hill & Jones, 2008, p. 113). Further, the management has robust programs to improve the working environment for its employees. Wal-Mart’s success emanates from its mission statement that targets to serve average customers through offering lower prices to improv e their lives. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2009). WALMART 2008 ANNUAL REPORT. Retrieved January 29, 2015 from

Germany and the Germans class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Germany and the Germans class - Essay Example Although honesty is considered a good quality in America, it is often the case that conversations lack directness, because Americans do not want to appear blunt and impolite. Environmental awareness is a second stereotype that I believe to be accurate and good. Germans have strict rules about recycling trash and biodegradable packaging. Moreover, their cars are fuel-efficient. I picked this trait, because protecting nature is a positive characteristic. Even though there seems to be a change in America towards a more environmentally friendly culture, I still think that Germans are more advanced in that field. The third and last stereotype that I believe to be accurate and positive is that Germans are often portrayed as rule abiding. For example, many German pedestrians respect traffic rules and will not cross the street, when the traffic light is red, even if there are no cars in sight. This is a positive trait, because it makes everyday life more civilized and safer. Americans also respect laws; however, I am of the opinion that Americans sometimes have a tendency to ignore certain laws if they believe that it does not make sense to follow the rules, such as waiting at a red light, even though the street is

The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer

The Adventures Of Tom Sawyer Abstract This paper aims at exploring the charm of the adventures of Tom Sawyer. It includes two parts: they are the charm of the plot arrangement and the charm of the words. It analyzes childrens characteristics in the novel. Besides, it indicates the charm of the twists and turns in the novel. Finally, this paper analyzes the charm of the words of the adventures of Tom Sawyer. Readers can understand the novel better through the above analyses. Key Words: charm, Tom Sawyer, adventures 1. Introduction Over the past decades, there have been many different kinds of novels come out. In addition, these new kinds of novels attract a lot of readers. However, it does not mean that people have to ignore or give up the old famous works. On the contrary, these famous works are unique; people should cherish the treasure which was left by those famous writers. People can know and learn much information from these works. For example, Mark Twains the adventures of Tom Sawyer. It was published in 1876; it focuses on Toms personal growth. The novel follows the development of Tom from childhood through adolescence and into adulthood. It also resembles novels of the picaresque genre, in that Tom moves from one adventures to another. The adventures of Tom Sawyer fits the style of satire, folk narrative, and comedy. This novel is worthy to read. This paper analyzes the charm of the adventures of Tom Sawyer. It includes two parts: they are the charm of the plot arrangement and the charm of the words. The author intends to analyze this novel in different ways, to let more people understand and like this amazing novel. 2. Literature Review In these years, the adventures of Tom Sawyer is a popular topic for experts to conduct their studies. Different aspects relevant to the adventures of Tom Sawyer have been come out. This section provides a brief survey of some researches on the adventures of Tom Sawyer. Li Li ping, from Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, she indicated, Though this novel tells about the life of childrens adventures, it is romantic and legendary; in the meanwhile, it is a very serious novel.(2008). Cao Shan ke, from Sun Yat-Sen University, he pointed out that the adventures of Tom Sawyer sustains its vitality to keep attracting readers from one generation to another, that is determined by its own literature charm. Mark Twain used variety kinds of writing skills to make this novel stretch over ages and keep pace with history,. In addition, he can let readers produce new realization and thinking about the heroes in the novel. (2003). Jiiang Li na, from Gan su Union University, she indicated, Tom make the experience of adventures and irony theme, both were dispersive, join together. Mar Twain uncovered the social hypocrisy and sati red the ugly people and phenomenon by the humorous and irony way. A sense of humor and irony is one of the most attractive features in this novel.(2009). There are many researches of the adventures of Tom Sawyer, but some aspects are the same, it will be difficult for readers to understand this novel in different angles. 3. The charm of the plot arrangement 3.1The charm of childrens characteristic 3.11 Childrens curiosity Curiosity is childrens common characteristic. Curiosity makes them interest in everything. Children want to explore the world; they want to know something new. In other words, curiosity is motivation; it can push children to do something. That is why Mark Twain endowed Tom Sawyer curious and venturesome characteristics. In chapter 2 of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, one Saturday morning, Tom was punished by Aunt Polly; he had to whitewash the fence. That was impossible for Tom, who was a boy could not stop hanging out. So, he had to find out a way to solve this problem. And, he saw Jim, who was the only guy was interested at his sore tore. Normally, who wants to look at a sore toe, who cares others sore toe. That was incredible. However, children were different form adults, they were curious about anything that they had not seen yet. As a result of curiosity, Jim helped Tom whitewash the fence just for the sore toe. Unluckily, Aunt Polly found that, Tom had to do it by himself again. Clever Tom always had methods, the key was -childrens curiosity. He did something to catch childrens attention. Tom went on whitewashing paid no attention to the steamboat. No answer. Tom surveyed his last touch with the eye of an artist What do you call work? Tom pretended to enjoy whitewash. Besides, he succeeded to stimulate others curiosity. Children wanted to try that mysterious task, and they were willing to exchange their toys to the whitewashing. In addition, Tom became a winner because of the childrens curiosity. And in the latter chapters, Tom persuaded his friends, Joe Harper and Huckleberry Finn to slip away to Jacksons Island. They agreed to do that because they had never experienced that before. Their curiosity pushed them to do that. In fact, in our daily life, curiosity has become an important part of childrens motivation to do anything. Curiosity seems a catalyst for the children; it can provoke children to finish tasks spontaneously. 3.12 Childrens naughtiness Naughtiness is childrens inborn nature. Children like playing, and playing is the essential task for them. So, in the novel, boys were so naughty that they made a lot of fun or troubles. In chapter 1, Tom had already showed his naughtiness to the readers. Though Aunt Polly had made some measures (sewed shirt collar, white thread) to prevent Tom swimming, clever Tom could still avoid those measures to go to swim. He could nearly succeed, but Sid let him down. Why did Tom make himself at risky? He knew Aunt Polly would check him whether swim or not. Because of naughtiness, which was childrens characteristic, it pushed Tom to take adventure. Naughtiness not just showed in chapter 1, in chapter 21, boys expressed their naughtiness onto the headmaster. He seemed to take a vindictive pleasure in punishing the least shortcomings, so the smaller boys spent their days in terror and suffering and their nights in plotting revenge. That just liked a circle, the kids became naughtier, and the hea dmaster punished them more. Consequently, the boys planed to make a big project-a cat. She grabbed his wig with her desperate claws, clung to it, and was snatched up into the garret in an instant with her trophy still in her possession! And how the light did blaze abroad from the masters bald pate for the sign-painters boy had gilded it! How naughty they were! They dared to play a joke on the headmaster. The boys were not evil, but just naughty. They did that just for fun, the biggest motivation. Actually, in the daily life, children like tricks, too. When parents tell them not to do that, they may not listen to their parents obediently. Because they are naughty, they do not want to a good boy or good girl. Or, they can catch others attention when they are naughty. People can accept childrens naughtiness because that is childrens nature. 3.13 Childrens innocence Childrens innocence is also another childrens common trait. Children do not like adults; they seem to be a piece of white paper, there is no stain on it. They are pure, they have not entered the society yet, instead, they live in a sterile world-a simple children circle. If they want to get one thing, they will just go for it, always directly, without other thinking. In the novel, though we can see many chapters show us childrens naughtiness, childrens innocence also was set. In chapter 6, Tom lay thinking. Presently it occurred to him that he wished he was sick; then he could stay home from school. Children are children; they often have this thinking-skipping class. Not for what, just do not like having class or for going out to have fun, this is a simple motivation. However, it seemed well worth while to chance it, so he fell to groaning with considerable spirit. When children want to skip class, they always want to find out a reasonable excuse. And the most frequently used and eff ective one is being ill. Many people have used this excuse when they were kids. But sometimes, it does not work, because parents know their children well. In the novel, Aunt Polly also found out Tom was pretending ill. Finally, Tom gave in. He said: Oh, please, auntie, dont pull it out. It dont hurt any more. I wish I may never stir if it does. Please dont, auntie. I dont want to stay home from school. Tom is typical, he is a portrait of children. He is clever, but he cannot hide his innocence. Adults can easily figure out these childish tricks. Overall, children are children, they will never solve problem with deep consideration as adults. They will just use their naÃÆ' ¯ve, simple way to deal with problems. That is also the big difference between children and adults. The charm of childrens wish to become adult Many children do not agree that they are still children, they do not want to stay in a little childrens world. They want to grow up as soon as possible. They suppose they are adults, they are mature enough to handle anything. Sometimes, they even hate others treat them as children. They want fair treatment (they think being treated like children is unfair). They often image that one day morning, they have become a adult when they wake up, and then they go to work not go to school. That is childrens desire-to be adults. 3.21 A wish to be a pirate In the novel, Mark Twain also set children with this wish. In chapter 8, he would be a soldier, and return after long years, all war-worn and illustrious. Boys not only like being heroes, but also cheers and big hand. However, being a child could not help to develop into a hero, Tom wanted to change this situation, so he would like to be a soldier that means he had the chance to become an adult and hero. And away in the future come back a great chief, bristling with feathers, hideous with paint, and prance into Sunday- School, some drowsy summer morning, with a blood- curdling war-whoop, and sear the eyeballs of all his companions with unappeasable envy. Many children may think that when they return home with wealth and power, their families and friends will proud of them. Therefore, the first step is, being an adult and going out. Then they can make their dream come true and do whatever they want to do. Thats one of the reasons why children hope to adults. 3.22 Study to smoke Children might be drawn to smoking for any number of reasons to look cool, act older, seem tough, feel more confident and independent. The most important is, they think that smoking makes them appear in the eyes of others more mature. They also believe that they will more easily be accepted or respected by their peers if they smoke. They want to shape their own identities by smoking among teenagers. They would like to break through the circle of being a good child, instead, they would prefer to be heroes. Children often image that they will grow up when they wake up next day. Then, they can go outside to make their dreams come true. At last, they will come back to hometown with wealth and power, their families and friends will be proud of them. In chapter 16, when Tom and his friends, Joe and Huck took adventure at an island, they studied to smoke that made them willing to stay at the island. Tom said, I wish the boys could see us now. Smoking became an approach to show off. They wa nted to let their peers to know that they were different among them. They were superior. They were not kids any more. How cool they were! And Ill say, Oh, thats all right, if its STRONG enough. And then youll out with the pipes, and well light up just as cam, and then just see em look! à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Though Tom and his friends seemed to be naÃÆ' ¯ve, childish, it could not cover the truth they really wanted others to know that they could smoke, that means they had grown up. They could appear as adults. Children wanted to be more grown up because they thought that there would be fewer rules to follow. What needed to do was raise their status among other peers. They could be their examples and leaders. Tom, Joe and Huck studied to smoke not for the excitement of tobacco, but for the wish to become adults. They wanted to show they were not kids any more. (Even they were). The charm of twists and turns The adventures of Tom Sawyer can keep its own vitality from one generation to another because of its own literature charm. In the meanwhile, it attracts more and more readers. Mark Twain made this novel popular among these years. Even periods are different; The adventures of Tom Sawyer can let readers come about their own realization and thoughts about the characters in the novel. Twists and turns is one of the charms of novel, this kind of writing technique makes the novel more attractive. Mark Twain set lots of suspense, tortuous plots and terrifying description in the novel. All of these increased a kind of mysterious tension to make readers can not help to finish the novel. 3.21 Tragedy in the graveyard In chapter 9, Tom sneaked out of bed and went to the graveyard with Huck at night. They hid in the trees to wait for devils. After a while, three figures went into the grave. Tom and Huck thought they were the devils. They were delighted and horrified In fact, these three devils were three adults from the town. In addition, the boys were surprised to recognize the young Dr. Robinson accompanied by two local outcasts, the drunken Muff Potter and Injun Joe. Dr. Robinson ordered two men to dig up a corpse. After finishing the job, a fight ensued because of the extra payment. In the scuffle, Dr. Robinson knocked Potter unconscious with a stone. Moreover, Injun Joe killed Dr. Robinson with Potters knife. Tom and Huck witnessed the murder happened. This murder produced suspense, because the real murderer, Injun Joe told Potter that he killed Dr. Robinson. In addition, Potter believed that. From an adventure to a murder, this children fiction became a mystery story. It made the boys more ma ture in one night. It was difficult to accept the bloody killing process. The murder setting was astonishing for readers, too. In the previous chapters, they were just about childrens tricks, childrens adventures, which were simple, funny and interesting. However, in this chapter, the children innocent style was swerved to detective logically one. Actually, the author had set some tips to suggest that something different would happen. The ticking of the clock, Old beams, the stairs, chirping of a cricket, the howl of a far-off dog, a most melancholy caterwauling etc, showed the atmosphere was strange. These descriptions were so particular that made readers feel like the boys in the novel. These hints drew people into a creepy night to go for adventures with Tom. The boys were shocked by the murder and grew up psychologically in one night. In the meanwhile, readers suddenly realized that it was not only for children, but also for adults. 3.23 The salvation of Muff Potter After witnessing the murder, Tom and Hucks immediate reflection was to flee, both physically and psychologically. They ran from the scene of crime back into the world of children. They were shocked. When Injun Joe blamed Muff Potter for the crime, the boys did not tell the truth because of a blood oath and fear. Tom and Huck felt guilty. Nevertheless, they could still go back to the normal life. Forming pirate crew, learning to smoke, tricking the headmaster and so on, Mark Twain let the funny and relaxing style come back again. Readers can loosen their nerve temporarily from the previous tense atmosphere. Mark Twain could control this situation perfectly (loose-tight-loose). He could catch readers attention and give space for them to take a break or have a thought. Therefore, in chapter 23, a sharp turn came again. Readers sights were focus on the crime once more. In this chapter, Muff Potters trail approached, Tom and Huck agonized about whether they should reveal what they had kno wn. They feared Injun Joe would kill them if they speak out the truth. Huck, they couldnt anybody get you tell, could they? Get me tell? Why, if I wanted that half-breed devil to drownd me they could get me to tellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I reckon were safe as long as we keep mum. But lets swear again, anyway. Its more surer.' Children are children; they do not know what to do if they find something wrong. When readers read these words, they may worry about whether the boys would tell the truth or not. How Muff Potter would be sentenced? Whether Injun Joe would be charged? A series of question are raised. Fortunately, Potters lawyer called Tom as a witness for the defense. And Tom told the truth finally. At this moment, readers can take a break. However, at the same moment, the real murderer, Injun Joe escaped. Then, what would happen? Suspense was set again, which made readers worry once more. 3.24 The discovery of real robbers After Injun Joes escape, the town back to normal. Tom and Huck decided to hunt for the treasure. They discussed possible places to dig out treasure. They imaged what they would do if they find treasure. They dug a number of places around the tree but found nothing. At the midnight, the boys came back, found nothing again. Finally, they hesitantly agreed to go to the haunted house, a deserted building nearby. That appeared to be another adventure along the lines of the boys trip of Jacksons Island. It was only when Injun Joe appeared at the house that twists and turns showed again. Readers realized that narrative was no longer skipping from adventure to adventure but instead driving toward an ending. Tom and Huck found one of the two robbers was Injun Joe. At first, they were frightened that Injun Joe would make reprisals. However, when boys found the robbers wanted to hide gold coins at the house. They With gloating eyes they watched every movement. Luck!the splendor of it was beyond all imagination! Six hundred dollars was money enough to make half a dozen boys rich! Before the large sum of money (though they not yet had it), fear could be forgotten temporarily, that was kids thought. Nevertheless, they became desperate because robbers changed the hiding place. By this point of the novel, Mark Twain tight readers nervous again. Twain let the key chapter, Injun Joe show up to prepare finishing the novel. At this point, readers also have a deep thought. What is the ending? Happy or sad? Would Injun Joe take revenge ¼Ã… ¸ A series of query showed Mark Twain succeeded in setting this suspense. Actually, the discovery of real robbers was the hint to foreshadow the ending of the novel. But Mark Twain caught every chances to catch readers eyes, he liked twists and turns, so do the readers. This plot also showed Toms development of maturity and the effects that it had on his interactions with his friends and family. Twists and turns worked again. The charm of words Childrens tone Literature is the art of words. The words of childrens novel should be suitable for children. Childrens novel seems a game, which is played on paper. This game should be interesting and active because its readers are children, and their parents are selectors. This game is also full of childrens humor, direction, curiosity, simplicity and variety. Children can understand the lines without difficult logical reasoning. The adventures of Tom Sawyer is exactly this type of novel. Mark Twain passed the relaxing atmosphere to the readers by the words of Tom and other boys. The tone of the novel is children style; it can express its meaning and convey the characters characteristics by the words. In addition, most of the words of the novel were said by children. And the children in the novel were not good or well educated. In the daily conversations, they often used non-standard oral English, even dialect and slang. Their words were different from the standard language in St. Petersburg; they were thought to be vulgar, dirty and low-down. Mark Twain believed that bad boys should use bad language, they were perfectly matched. In chapter 1, Tom was very angry because Sid told Aunt Polly that he skipped class to swim. He scolded Sid: Siddy, Ill lick you for that. Besides, a boy was a new comer. Tom did not like the boy only because the boy was well dressed. Tom provoked: I can lick you! Id like to see you try it. Well, I can do it. No you cant, either. Yes I can. No you cant. I can.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ A naÃÆ' ¯ve and pure image was presented by Toms sharp and violent words. These words fit in with childrens speaking habit. That will be humorous and funny for the reader, no matter the reader is a kid or an adult. Exquisite description Another feature of this novel is exquisite description. Through the exquisite description, readers can understand the boys in the novel better. Mark Twain was good at description. In chapter 2, the most interesting plot is Toms whitewashing. In a beautiful Saturday morning, Tom was punished to whitewash the fence. For exchanging with his freedom, he took out his treasure-He got out his worldly wealth and examined-bits of toys, marbles and trash. He wanted to use these treasure to tempt other kids to help him whitewash. Afterwards, Tom had a better idea. He pretended the job-whitewashing was not work, it was an Art creation-Tom surveyed his last touch with the eye of an artist. Toms enjoyment of whitewashing caught kids attention as expected. And they were willing to exchange with their treasure for this art creating. Tom pretended to accept the deal reluctantly. Actually, he was happy to exchange. Moreover, he continued to plan another step. planned the slaughter of more innocents. H ow clever Tom was! He knew the boys way of thinking. As if the price of something is higher, people will believe the quality may higher than the cheaper one too. So, Tom knew if he wanted other kids to help, he must let them know how funny the job was and he liked the job. That is kid. If you wanted kids cherish what they got, you should let them get it more difficult. Mark Twains exquisite description not only shows us that the novel is funny but also his understand of childrens thinking. Through these exquisite descriptions, readers can entirely get into the novel, to know, to enjoy the world of children. A sense of humor and irony Humor and Irony is an indirect way to express authors thought. In the novel, Mark Twain satirized social vices, ugly phenomenon and people at that time by humor and irony. The most attractive characteristic of the novel is humor and irony, Mark Twain was always good at using it. In chapter 5, Mark Twain showed us an interesting scene that was people went to church to pray. When talking about the mayor, the author used these words the mayor and his wife-for they had a mayor there, among other unnecessaries, unnecessaries tells the readers that the mayor was a small potato, his position existed in name only. Then, after the minister sung the hymn which was thought beautiful, and the ladies would lift up their hands and let them fall helplessly in their lap, and walltheir eyes, and shake their headsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ On one hand, helplessly and wall expressed peoples appreciation to the minister. On the other hand, people were absent-minded. When the minister droned through an argument, ma ny a head by and by began to nod , they nod not because they agree or understand the argument, but because they dozed off. And another scene was interesting too. That was the first time when Tom met a girl who was a new comer; he fell in love with her immediately. Actually, A certain Amy Lawrence vanished out of his heart and left not even a memory of herself behind. He had thought he loved her to distraction; he had regarded his passion as adoration; and behold it was only a poor little evanescent partiality. Tom was fickle in love; he could love someone easily, and forget her more easily. How bad he was! Mark Twain did not mean to express Toms badness; he just wanted to show Toms naughtiness, smartness and loveliness through these humor and irony words. 5.Conclusion All in all, this paper tells the readers that the charm of the adventures of Tom Sawyer. It includes two parts: they are the charm of the plot arrangement and the charm of the words. From this paper, readers can know more information about the novel. It analyzes childrens characteristics in the novel, they are curiosity, naughtiness and innocence; it explains why the children in the novel did something like that. Besides, it indicates the charm of the twists and turns in the novel, Mark Twain was good at setting suspense to attract readers. Finally, this paper analyzes the charm of the words of the adventures of Tom Sawyer. Readers can understand the novel better through the analyses about the tone, description and writing style of the novel.